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Humberto da Silva Delgado (Portuguese pronunciation: ũˈbɛɾtu; 15 May 1906 – 13 February 1965) was a General of the Portuguese Air Force, diplomat and politician.
He began his military career by joining the Colégio Militar, in Lisbon, which he attended from 1916 to 1922. He participated in the 28 May 1926 revolution that overthrew the First Republic and created the Ditadura Nacional, which would pave the way to the Estado Novo. He would be a loyal supporter of the regime, becoming the Director of the Secretariado Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (National Secretariat of Civil Aeronautics), General-Commander of the Legião Portuguesa, Deputy National Commissar of the Mocidade Portuguesa and Procurator to the Corporative Chamber. He would be the youngest general in Portuguese history. Marcelo Caetano, who was his friend during this time, later would describe Delgado as an "exalted person" and a man who "wore his heart on his sleeve".Caetano, Marcello, Minhas Memórias de Salazar, Lisboa, Editorial Verbo, 1977
He published an anti-democratic book, Da Pulhice do 'Homo Sapiens' in 1933, which attacked both the "crooks monarchy" and the "bandits republic" in his subtitle. Delgado wrote in praise of Adolf Hitler, who he considered as a genius and an example of human possibilities in the fields of politics, diplomacy, social organization and military, in 1941.Revista AR, Nº 44, June 1941. Delgado wrote: "O ex-cabo, ex-pintor, o homem que não nasceu em leito de renda amolecedor que passará à História como uma revelação genial das possibilidades humanas no campo político, diplomático, social, civil e militar, quando a vontade de um ideal se junta a audácia, a valentia, a virilidade numa palavra." However, with time his sympathies leaned towards the Allies. He came to the Azores islands during World War II, by the occasion of the Portuguese-British Agreement.Delgado, Frederico Rosa, Humberto Delgado – Biografia do General Sem Medo, Lisboa, Esfera dos Livros, 2008
Under his supervision the first domestic line, between Lisbon and Porto, opened in 1947, the year Douglas C-54 Skymaster was purchased. In 1948, TAP became a full member of IATA and flights open to Paris in France and Seville in Spain. The flight to London in the United Kingdom began in 1949.
According to the testimony of Marshal Costa Gomes, Humberto Delgado decided to run for president because he failed to be appointed director of the NATO Defense College. Humberto Delgado missed the much-desired appointment due to animus between him and the British Michael Denny, former Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet. According to Costa Gomes' testimonial, Delgado could not resist making jokes at the expense of the Admiral including constantly pulling the hair the British Admiral had coming out of his ears. The British Admiral detested these jokes from Delgado and vetoed his appointment. Costa Gomes had warned Delgado several times that those jests would cost him his much-desired appointment. Delgado replied that he knew it, but he just could not help doing it. Costa Gomes described Delgado as a very smart man but with "a screw loose". Episodes like these earned Delgado the nickname of "General sem juizo" (The senseless general). (2025). 9789722055185, D. Quixote. ISBN 9789722055185*
Incumbent president Craveiro Lopes had been coerced by Prime Minister and de facto dictator António Salazar into standing down after only one term, Delgado faced arch-conservative naval minister Américo Tomás, the regime's candidate, in the 1958 presidential election.
Delgado decided to launch his candidacy as an independent, taking the traditional opposition by surprise. Among the supporters were figures such as the intellectual António Sérgio, the monarchists Vieira de Almeida and Almeida Braga and the Fascist Francisco Rolão Preto. The Portuguese Communist Party reacted fiercely and did not spare Delgado labeling him as "Fascist" and "General Coca-Cola", in an allusion to the General's pro-Americanism.9789723310863, Editorial Estampa. ISBN 9789723310863 Delgado campaigned vigorously, even though he seemingly faced impossible odds. Although opposition candidates had nominally been allowed to run since the 1940s, the electoral system was so heavily rigged in favor of Salazar's National Union that its candidates could not possibly be defeated.
Interviewed on 10 May 1958, in the Chave d'Ouro café and asked what would be his attitude towards Salazar, Delgado replied with the immediately sensational: "Obviamente, demito-o!" ("Obviously, I'll fire him!"). He was well aware that the president's power to remove the prime minister from office was essentially the only check on Salazar's power.
His outspoken attitude earned him the nickname of "General sem Medo" ("Fearless General" or literally "General without fear"). After a rally held at Porto drew a large crowd. However, when he tried to return to Lisbon, the police blocked him and his family from attending a planned rally, then broke up the gathering.
Nevertheless, Delgado was ultimately credited with less than 25% of the votes, with 76.4% in favor of Tomás. Salazar refused to allow opposition representatives to observe the ballot count. Tomás' margin was inflated by massive ballot-box stuffing by the PIDE, leading to speculation that Delgado might have actually won had Salazar allowed an honest election. Nonetheless, Salazar was worried enough that he transferred election of the president to the legislature, which was firmly controlled by the regime. As a result, Delgado was the only opposition presidential candidate in the history of the Second Republic (including its first incarnation as the Ditadura Nacional) to stay in the race until election day. In other years when opposition candidates attempted to run, they were forced to withdraw before the polls opened when it became clear Salazar would not allow them to campaign unhindered.
In 1964, he founded the Portuguese National Liberation Front in Rome, stating in public that the only solution to end the Estado Novo would be by a military coup, while many others advocated a national uprising approach.
Casimiro Monteiro, a PIDE agent, shot and killed General Delgado, and strangled his secretary de Campos (Monteiro was also involved in the killing of Eduardo Mondlane, founder of Frelimo, Mozambique's Liberation Movement). Salazar, when told of the killings, said, "Uma maçada" ("Such a bother").
PIDE subsequently said that the original plan was an extraordinary rendition in which Delgado was to be kidnapped and brought back to Portugal for trial. In 1981, a Portuguese court convicted Monteiro in absentia, effectively accepting the argument that Monteiro had acted contrary to orders by killing Delgado.
In February 2015, on the 50th anniversary of his assassination, the Câmara Municipal de Lisboa proposed that the Lisbon Airport be renamed in his honor. The government accepted the proposal and on 15 May 2016, the airport was renamed for Delgado.
The 2012 Bruno de Almeida-directed film Operation Autumn is a political thriller about the killing of General Delgado. Delgado is played by American actor John Ventimiglia.
Exile and opposition (1958–1965)
Delgado was expelled from the Portuguese military, and took refuge in the embassy before going into exile, spending much of it in Brazil and later in Algeria, as a guest of Ben Bella. During the period of his exile in Brazil he was supported by Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza, a claimant to the Portuguese Throne, who helped monetarily and even offered him one of their residences in Rome so that the General could return to Europe.SERTÓRIO, Manuel; ''Humberto Delgado: 70 Cartas Inéditas - A luta contra o Fascismo no exílio. Praça do Livro, Lisboa (1978).
Assassination
After being lured into an ambush by the PIDE near the Spanish border town of Villanueva del Fresno, Delgado and his Brazilian secretary, Arajaryr Moreira de Campos, were murdered on 13 February 1965 while trying to clandestinely enter Portugal. The official version claimed that Delgado was shot and killed in self-defence despite Delgado being unarmed and his secretary strangled.
Honours
National Honours
Foreign Honours
Other recognitions
In 1990, Humberto Delgado was posthumously promoted to Marshal of the Portuguese Air Force, the only person to hold this rank posthumously. The City square where the main entrance of Lisbon Zoo is located is named after him. Delgado's mortal remains were translated to the National Pantheon at 5 October 1990, following a decision of the Portuguese Parliament.
Personal life
Delgado was married to Maria Iva Theriaga Leitão Tavares de Andrade (1908-2014), and they had three children:Rodrigo de Magalhães e Menezes Ortigão de Oliveira – A Família Ramalho Ortigão, Author's Edition, 1st Edition, Porto, 2000
Popular culture references
Films
In 1966, German film writer and director André Libik created a 45' documentary about Delgado's assassination in the series "Political Murders" produced by West Berlin's TV station SFB.
The film was completed and aired shortly after the Portuguese revolution of 25 April 1974.
Books
A fictional version of the assassination is described (with a "General Machedo" and his secretary "Paulo Abreu") in the crime novel A Small Death in Lisbon by Robert Wilson.
External links
Categories: 1906 Births, 1965 Deaths, People From Torres Novas, Portuguese Soldiers, Marshals Of The Air Force, Portuguese Military Officers, Portuguese Anti-fascists, Assassinated Portuguese Politicians, Deaths By Firearm In Portugal, Candidates For President Of Portugal, Portuguese People Murdered Abroad, Field Marshals Of Portugal, Politicians Assassinated In 1965
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